Genetics of Mood Disorders

Genetics of Mood Disorders is a compelling area of mental health research that explores the hereditary influences underlying conditions such as depression and bipolar disorder. Mood disorders often run in families, indicating a significant genetic component in their development. While no single gene causes these disorders outright, numerous studies suggest that a complex interplay of multiple genes, each contributing a small effect, increases an individual’s vulnerability. Twin, family, and adoption studies consistently demonstrate that the heritability of major depressive disorder (MDD) is approximately 40–50%, while bipolar disorder (BD) shows even higher heritability rates, estimated at 60–85%.Advancements in molecular genetics, especially genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have helped identify specific genetic variations linked to mood disorders. For example, researchers have found that certain variants in genes associated with neurotransmitter regulation—such as serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), and CACNA1C (a calcium channel gene)—may influence susceptibility to depression or bipolar episodes. However, these associations are not deterministic; rather, they interact with environmental and psychological factors in complex ways. 

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