Major Depressive Disorder

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a complex and debilitating psychiatric condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. It affects how individuals think, feel, and behave, often interfering significantly with daily functioning and quality of life. MDD is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders globally, impacting over 280 million people according to the World Health Organization. While occasional sadness is a natural part of the human experience, MDD involves symptoms that persist for at least two weeks and are severe enough to impair social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The etiology of MDD is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Neurochemical imbalances, particularly involving neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, are widely recognized as contributing factors. Brain imaging studies have also shown structural and functional changes in areas such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex in individuals with depression. The clinical presentation of MDD can vary widely among individuals. Common symptoms include depressed mood, anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure), fatigue, changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia), feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

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